Idethi Yokuthumela: 27, Dec, 2021

Igama elithi "Mina" lithilignin, etholakala kabanzi emangqamuzaneni ezitshalo ezinokhuni, amakhambi, nazo zonke izitshalo ze-vascular nezinye izitshalo ze-lignified, futhi idlala indima ekuqiniseni izicubu zezitshalo.

I-"plant skeleton" ethi "mina"

Emvelweni, u-“Mina” uhlala ehambisana ne-cellulose ne-hemicellulose, esebenza ndawonye ukwakha uhlaka lwamathambo esitshalo. Abantu bangihlukanisa ngezinhlobo ezintathu:i-hardwood lignin, i-conifer ligninfuthii-herbal lignin. Ngokuvamile, elithi “I” lisakazwa njalo kumaseli ezitshalo. Ukuhlushwa kwe-"I" kungqimba lwe-intercellular kuphakeme kakhulu, ukugxila kwengqimba yangaphakathi yodonga lwesibili okwesibili, futhi ukugxila ngaphakathi kweseli kuncane kakhulu. Njengomthombo wesithathu omkhulu wezinto eziphilayo emvelweni, nakuba elithi "Mina" lalisetshenziswa abantu ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka edlule, alikaze lisetshenziswe kabanzi kuze kube manje.

"Mina" ekukhiqizeni izimboni

E-China, "I" ingalandelelwa emuva ekusungulweni kwe-papermaking. Inhloso ye-pulping kanye ne-papermaking ukugcina i-cellulose ne-hemicellulose nokukhipha "I". Izinto zokusetshenziswa zihlanganisa utshani lukakolweni, utshani berayisi, umhlanga, umoba, njll. Inani elikhulu elithi “I” elikhiqizwa imboni yephepha yendabuko yaseChina likhona oketshezini lwemfucuza yokwenza iphepha, futhi ukuchithwa okuqondile kuzodala izinkinga ezinkulu zokungcola, kanye nenani elikhulu. amanzi angcolile abe yinkinga enkulu ekuhlanzeni amanzi angcolile ezimbonini zasekhaya.

Kunezici ezimbili ezibalulekile zezimboni ezihlobene nakwamanye amazwe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, "I" enkuni ihlukaniswe ne-hydrolysis yokhuni; ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuhloswe ngayo inkinga yamanzi angcolile embonini yamaphepha. Amazwe angaphandle asungule isethi yezinqubo zokwelashwa koketshezi lwe-wood paper-making. Okokuqala, u-“I” oketshezini oluwudoti ugaywa kabusha nge-alkali, bese i-I etholiwe isetshenziselwa ukuvutha nokunikezwa kwamandla. Lokhu kufinyelelwa ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu ngesisekelo sokuxazulula inkinga yokungcola. Yonga amandla.

Ukuhlukaniswa nokukhishwa kwegama elithi "I"

Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusetshenziswa okuphumelelayo kwe "I", ososayensi ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe bafunda ngenkuthalo ukuhlukaniswa nokukhishwa kwe "I". Emkhiqizweni wezimboni, sivame ukuhlukaniswa futhi sikhishwe lapho kusetshenziswa i-cellulose. Ngokombono wocwaningo lwesayensi, abantu bayahlukanisa futhi bakhiphe okuthi “I” ukuze bathole amasampula anobumsulwa obuphakeme, noma amasampula anezakhiwo nezakhiwo ezithile.

Ngokuvamile, kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezinkulu zokuhlukaniswa kuka-“I”: enye iwukuncibilikisa izingxenye ngaphandle kwami ​​emzimbeni wesitshalo, bese uhlunga ukuhlukanisa u-“I” ongancibiliki. Isibonelo esijwayelekile sisembonini ye-wood hydrolysis. I-elementi i-hydrolyzed ku-glucose ngaphansi kwesenzo se-asidi, futhi "I" ihlukaniswa njengensalela ye-hydrolysis; enye iwukuncibilikisa u-“I” emzimbeni wesitshalo, ukuhlukanisa ezinye izingxenye bese uyashesha ukuze uthole u-“I”.

Uhlobo lokugcina lokuhlukanisa luvamile enqubweni ye-pulping yokwenza iphepha. Ihlukaniswe yaba izinhlobo ezimbili zezindlela zokuhlukanisa. I-"I" yasekuqaleni i-sulfonated ibe inyibiliki emanzinii-lignosulfonate, bese iphathwa ngobisi lwe-lime, i-"I" ingaba nemvula; eyokugcina iphekwe ngesoda ewugqinsi eshisa kakhulu, noma utshani berayisi obuqotshiwe noma utshani lukakolweni. Shintsha okuthi “I” kube i-alkaline ethi “I”, hlunga i-cellulose, bese uphatha nge-asidi isixazululo esisele ukuze uqhubekisele phambili u-“I”.

"Ubuntu obuthathu" buka "Mina" nezinto eziningi ezikhethekile

I-“I” iyinhlanganisela ye-polyphenol yenethiwekhi ye-polymer ene-phenylpropane njengeyunithi yesakhiwo. Inobuntu obuthathu (okungukuthi, izakhiwo ezintathu eziyisisekelo): isakhiwo se-guaiacyl, isakhiwo se-syringyl kanye nesakhiwo se-p-hydroxyphenyl. I Ukwakheka kwezakhi kuyehluka ngezinhlobo zezitshalo nezindlela zokuzihlukanisa.

Kunamaqembu amaningi asebenzayo esakhiweni se-"I" (amaqembu anephunga elimnandi, amaqembu e-phenolic hydroxyl, amaqembu e-alcohol hydroxyl, amaqembu e-carbonyl, amaqembu e-methoxy, amaqembu e-carboxyl, amaqembu e-aldehyde, ama-conjugated double bond namanye amaqembu asebenzayo), okwenza "I". ” ukuze ubhekane nokuhlukahluka kwamakhemikhali , Okufana: i-oxidation, ukunciphisa, i-hydrolysis, i-alcoholsis, i-acidolysis, i-photolysis, i-acylation, i-alkylation, i-nitration, i-etherification, i-sulfonation, i-polycondensation noma i-graft copolymerization.

I-resin ehlanganiswe no-“I” njengoba impahla eluhlaza inezindleko eziphansi kune-phenolic resin ekukhiqizeni izingxenye ezibunjiwe ezijwayelekile, futhi inenani elithile lemboni. KweligninI-latex ehlanganiswe ngu-“I” kanye ne-latex yerabha yemvelo, “I” isebenza njenge-ejenti eqinisayo, ngaleyo ndlela imiselele i-carbon black ebiza kakhulu futhi yehlise izindleko zemikhiqizo yenjoloba. "I" ingasetshenziswa futhi njengento eluhlaza yokukhiqiza amakhemikhali ase-oilfield ukuthuthukisa izinga lokubuyisela uwoyela kanye nekhwalithi kawoyela yezimayini zase-oilfield.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, "I" ingasetshenziswa futhi njengama-surfactants, izithasiselo zomanyolo, ama-pesticide-release-release agents, izilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo, njll. Ngokujula kocwaningo lwesayensi, ngizoba namathuba amaningi nakakhulu okukhombisa amakhono ami.