Umhla wokuThunyelwa: 27, Disemba, 2021

Igama elithi "ndi" ngulignin, ekhoyo ngokubanzi kwiiseli zezityalo zemithi, imifuno, kunye nazo zonke izityalo ze-vascular kunye nezinye izityalo ze-lignified, kwaye zidlala indima ekomelezeni izicubu zezityalo.

I "plant skeleton" ethi "mna"

Ngokwendalo, "I" ihlala idibene ne-cellulose kunye ne-hemicellulose, isebenzisana kunye nokwakha i-skeleton yesityalo. Abantu bandahlula ndibe ziindidi ezintathu:i-hardwood lignin, conifer ligninkwayeherbal lignin. Ngokuqhelekileyo, "I" ihanjiswa rhoqo kwiiseli zezityalo. Ukugxininiswa kwe "I" kwi-intercellular layer iyona nto iphakamileyo, ukugxininiswa koluhlu lwangaphakathi kwodonga lwesibini lwesibini, kwaye ugxininiso ngaphakathi kwiseli luncinci. Njengowona mthombo wesithathu ngobukhulu kwindalo, nangona "mna" yayisetyenziswa ngabantu kumawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo, ayizange isetyenziswe ngokubanzi ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.

"Mna" kwimveliso yoshishino

E-China, "I" inokulandelwa emva kokuveliswa kwephepha. Injongo ye-pulping kunye ne-papermaking kukugcina i-cellulose kunye ne-hemicellulose kunye nokususa "I". Izinto eziluhlaza zibandakanya ingqolowa yengqolowa, i-rice straw, ingcongolo, iswekile, njl njl. Isixa esikhulu se-"I" esiveliswe kushishino lwamaphepha emveli yaseTshayina lukhoyo kwi-papermaking waste liquid, kwaye ukukhutshwa ngokuthe ngqo kuya kubangela iingxaki ezinzulu zokungcola, kunye nesixa esikhulu. amanzi amdaka abe yingxaki enkulu kunyango lwamanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso yasekhaya.

Kukho imiba emibini ephambili yamashishini anxulumene namazwe angaphandle. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, "I" emthini ihlukaniswe kwi-hydrolysis yokhuni; kwelinye icala, ijolise kwingxaki yamanzi amdaka kwishishini lephepha. Amazwe angaphandle aphuhlise isethi yeenkqubo zokwenziwa kwenkunkuma eyenziwe ngamaplanga. Okokuqala, i-"I" kulwelo lwenkunkuma iphinda isetyenziswe yi-alkali, kwaye ke i-recycled I isetyenziselwa ukutshisa kunye nokunikezelwa kwamandla. Oku kuphunyezwa ngowona mlinganiselo mkhulu ngokwesiseko sokusombulula ingxaki yongcoliseko. Igcina amandla.

Ukwahlula kunye nokukhutshwa kwe "I"

Ukuze kuphuculwe ukusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kwe "I", izazinzulu zasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe zifunda ngokunyanisekileyo ukuhlukana kunye nokukhutshwa kwe "I". Kwimveliso yemizi-mveliso, ngokuqhelekileyo siyahlukana kwaye sikhutshwe xa kusetyenziswa i-cellulose. Ngokombono wophando lwezenzululwazi, abantu bayahlukana kwaye bakhuphe "I" ukuze bafumane iisampulu ezinobunyulu obuphezulu, okanye iisampulu ezinezakhiwo kunye neepropati ezithile.

Ngokubanzi, zimbini iindidi eziphambili zokwahlulwa kuka "I": enye kukunyibilikisa amacandelo ngaphandle kwam kumzimba wesityalo, kwaye emva koko ukucoca ukwahlula "I" enganyibilikiyo. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo ukwishishini le-hydrolysis yokhuni. I-element i-hydrolyzed kwi-glucose phantsi kwesenzo se-asidi, kwaye "I" ihlukaniswe njengentsalela ye-hydrolysis; enye kukunyibilikisa u-“I” kumzimba wesityalo, ukwahlula amanye amacandelo kwaye emva koko ukhawuleze ufumane u-“I”.

Uhlobo lokugqibela lokwahlula luqhelekileyo kwinkqubo ye-pulping yokwenza iphepha. Yahlulahlulwe yaba ziindidi ezimbini zeendlela zokwahlula. I-original "I" i-sulfonated ibe yi-soluble emanzinilignosulfonate, kwaye emva koko uphathwe ngobisi lwe-lime, i-"I" inokuchithwa; eyokugqibela iphekwe ngesoda engqindilili yecaustic kubushushu obuphezulu, okanye umququ werayisi onqunqiweyo okanye umququ wengqolowa. Guqula i-"I" ibe yi-alkaline "I", hluza i-cellulose, kwaye emva koko i-asidi-uphathe isisombululo esiseleyo ukuze uqhube "I".

"Ubuntu obuthathu" buka "I" kunye nezinto ezininzi ezizodwa

"I" yi-polyphenol yenethiwekhi ye-polymer ye-polymer compound ene-phenylpropane njengeyunithi yesakhiwo. Inobuntu obuthathu (oko kukuthi, izakhiwo ezintathu ezisisiseko): isakhiwo se-guaiacyl, isakhiwo se-syringyl kunye nesakhiwo se-p-hydroxyphenyl. I Ukubunjwa kwezinto kuyahluka kunye neentlobo zezityalo kunye neendlela zokwahlula.

Maninzi amaqela asebenzayo kulwakhiwo lwe-"I" (amaqela aqholiweyo, amaqela e-phenolic hydroxyl, amaqela e-alcohol hydroxyl, amaqela e-carbonyl, amaqela e-methoxy, amaqela e-carboxyl, amaqela e-aldehyde, i-conjugated bonds kunye namanye amaqela asebenzayo), eyenza ukuba "I ” ukwenza utshintsho kwiikhemikhali ezahlukeneyo , Ezinje: i-oxidation, ukunciphisa, i-hydrolysis, i-alcoholsis, i-acidolysis, i-photolysis, i-acylation, i-alkylation, i-nitration, i-etherification, i-sulfonation, i-polycondensation okanye i-copolymerization ye-graft.

I-resin eyenziwe nge-"I" njengoko i-raw material iphantsi kweendleko kune-phenolic resin ekuveliseni iindawo ezibunjiweyo eziqhelekileyo, kwaye inexabiso elithile lezoshishino. KwiligninI-latex edityaniswe yi-"I" kunye ne-natural rabber latex, "I" isebenza njenge-agent yokuqinisa, ngaloo ndlela ithatha indawo yekhabhoni emnyama ebiza kakhulu kwaye inciphisa iindleko zeemveliso zerabha. "Mna" inokusetyenziswa njengento ekrwada yokuveliswa kweekhemikhali ze-oilfield ukuphucula izinga lokubuyisela ioli kunye nomgangatho we-oyile yemigodi yeoli.

Ukongezelela, "I" ingasetyenziselwa njengama-surfactants, izongezo zesichumisi, i-pesticide-release-release agents, izilawuli zokukhula kwezityalo, njl. Ngokunzulu kophando lwezenzululwazi, ndiya kuba namathuba amaninzi okubonisa izakhono zam.