Taariikhda dhajinta: 27, Diseembar, 2021

Magaca "I" waalignin, kaas oo si weyn ugu dhex jira unugyada dhirta alwaaxa leh, geedo yaryar, iyo dhammaan dhirta xididdada dhiigga iyo dhirta kale ee lignified, oo door ka ciyaara xoojinta unugyada dhirta.

"Qafoofka dhirta" ee "aniga"

Dabeecadda, "I" had iyo jeer waxay la nool yihiin cellulose iyo hemicellulose, iyaga oo wada shaqeynaya si loo dhiso qalfoofka dhirta. Dadku waxay ii qaybiyaan saddex nooc:lignin adag, conifer ligniniyoherbal lignin. Guud ahaan, "I" waxaa si joogto ah loogu qaybiyaa unugyada dhirta. Isku-dhafka "I" ee lakabka intercellular waa kan ugu sarreeya, xoojinta lakabka gudaha ee gidaarka labaad waa kan labaad, iyo feejignaanta gudaha unugga ayaa ah midka ugu yar. Sida khayraadka dabiiciga ah ee saddexaad ee ugu weyn, in kasta oo "I" ay isticmaaleen aadanuhu kumanaan sano ka hor, si weyn loogama faa'iidaysan ilaa hadda.

"I" ee wax soo saarka warshadaha

Shiinaha, "I" waxaa dib loogu soo celin karaa hindisaha waraaqaha. Ujeedada dhuuqida iyo warqad-samaynta waa in la haysto cellulose iyo hemicellulose lagana saaro "I". Qalabka ceeriin waxaa ka mid ah caws qamadi, caws bariiska, cawsduur, sonkorta sonkorta, iwm. Qadar badan oo "I" oo ay soo saaraan warshadaha dhaqameed ee Shiinaha ayaa ku jira dareeraha qashinka waraaqaha, iyo dheecaanka tooska ah ayaa sababi doona dhibaatooyin wasakh ah oo halis ah, iyo qadarka badan. Biyaha wasakhda ahi waxay noqdeen dhibaato weyn oo ku saabsan daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah ee warshadaha gudaha.

Waxaa jira laba waji oo waaweyn oo ah warshadaha shisheeye ee la xiriira. Dhinaca kale, "I" ee qoryaha ayaa laga soocay hydrolysis ee alwaax; Dhanka kale, waxaa looga dan leeyahay dhibaatada biyaha wasakhda ah ee warshadaha waraaqaha. Waddamada ajnabiga ah waxay soo saareen hab-raacyo lagu daweeyo dareeraha qashinka ee waraaqaha alwaaxa ah. Marka hore, "I" ee dareeraha wasakhda ah waxaa dib u warshadeeyay alkali, ka dibna I soo kabsaday waxaa loo isticmaalaa gubasho iyo sahayda tamarta. Tan waxaa lagu gaaraa ilaa xadka ugu badan iyadoo lagu salaynayo xalinta dhibaatada wasakhda. Waxay badbaadisaa tamarta.

Kala saarista iyo soo saarista "I"

Si loo hagaajiyo isticmaalka waxtarka leh ee "I", saynisyahano gudaha iyo dibaddaba waxay si firfircoon u baranayaan kala-soocidda iyo soo saarista "I". Wax soo saarka warshadaha, guud ahaan waa la kala soocay oo la soo saaray marka cellulose la isticmaalo. Marka loo eego dhinaca cilmi-baarista sayniska, dadku way kala soocaan oo soo saaraan "I" si ay u helaan muunado leh daahir sare, ama muunado leh qaabab iyo hanti gaar ah.

Guud ahaan, waxaa jira laba nooc oo waaweyn oo kala soocista "I": mid waa in la milo qaybaha aan aniga ahayn ee ku jira jidhka dhirta, ka dibna la shaandheeyo si loo kala saaro "I" aan la milmi karin. Tusaalaha caadiga ah waa warshadaha hydrolysis alwaax. Cunsurka waxaa lagu shubaa gulukoos hoos yimaada ficilka aashitada, iyo "I" waxaa loo kala soocay sida hadhaaga hydrolysis; Midda kale waa in la milo "I" ee jirka dhirta, kala saaro qaybaha kale ka dibna soo dagto si loo helo "I".

Nooca dambe ee kala-soocidda ayaa ku badan habka xajinta warqadda. Waxa loo qaybiyaa laba nooc oo hababka kala soocida ah. Asalka "I" waxa lagu damiyaa biyo-milmi karalignosulfonate, ka dibna lagu daaweeyaa caanaha lime, "I" waa la soo dajin karaa; kan dambe waxaa lagu kariyaa soodhaha dhumuc weyn leh oo heerkulkiisu sarreeyo, ama caws bariiska oo la jarjaray ama caws sarreen ah. U beddel “I” una beddel alkaline “I”, ka miir cellulose-ka, ka dibna aashitada ku daw xalka haray si aad u soo dedejiso “I”.

"Shakhsiyadda saddex-geesoodka ah" ee "I" iyo takhasusyo badan

"I" waa polyphenol saddex-cabbir shabakad polymer iskudar ah oo leh phenylpropane oo ah unugga qaabdhismeedka. Waxay leedahay shakhsiyad saddex-laab ah (taas oo ah, saddex qaab-dhismeedka aasaasiga ah): qaab-dhismeedka guaiacyl, qaab-dhismeedka syringyl iyo qaab-dhismeedka p-hydroxyphenyl. I Halabuurka curiyeyaasha waxay ku kala duwan yihiin noocyada dhirta iyo hababka kala-soocidda.

Waxaa jira kooxo badan oo shaqeynaya qaab dhismeedka "I" (kooxaha aromatic, kooxaha phenolic hydroxyl, kooxaha hydroxyl khamriga, kooxaha carbonyl, kooxaha methoxy, kooxaha carboxyl, kooxaha aldehyde, bonds double iyo kooxaha kale ee firfircoon), kuwaas oo awood "I" "si ay u maraan noocyo kala duwan oo falcelin kiimikaad , Sida: oksaydhka, dhimista, hydrolysis, alkoholyssis, acidolysis, photolysis, acylation, alkylation, nitration, etherification, sulfonation, polycondensation ama copolymerization graft.

Xabagta lagu farsameeyay "I" maadaama alaabta ceyriin ay ka qiimo jaban tahay xabagta phenolic ee soo saarista qaybaha caaryada guud, waxayna leedahay qiimo warshadeed. GudahaligninLatex oo ay isku dubaridaan “I” iyo cinjirka caagga ah ee dabiiciga ah, “I” waxa uu u shaqeeyaa sidii wakiil xoojinaya, isaga oo beddelaya kaarboonka madow ee qaaliga ah isla markaana hoos u dhigaya qiimaha badeecadaha caagga ah. "I" sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sida alaabta ceeriin ee soo saarista kiimikooyinka saliidda si loo hagaajiyo heerka soo kabashada saliidda iyo tayada saliidda macdanta saliidda.

Intaa waxaa dheer, "I" waxa kale oo loo isticmaali karaa sida surfactants, daro bacriminta, wakiilada si tartiib ah u sii daayo cayayaanka, nidaaminaya koritaanka dhirta, iwm. Iyadoo qoto dheer ee cilmi-baarista sayniska, waxaan heli doonaa dheeraad ah iyo fursado badan si ay u muujiyaan off xirfadahayga.