Post Date: 27, Zvita, 2021

Zita rokuti "ini" ndirolignin, iyo inowanikwa zvakanyanya mumasero emiti yemiti, miriwo, uye zvose zvinomera zvevascular uye zvimwe zvinomera zvine lignified, uye inobata basa mukusimbisa mishonga yemiti.

Iyo "chirimwa skeleton" ye "ini"

Muzvisikwa, "Ini" nguva dzose inogara pamwe ne cellulose uye hemicellulose, kushanda pamwe chete kuvaka skeleton yemiti. Vanhu vanondiparadzanisa mumarudzi matatu:hardwood lignin, conifer ligninuyeherbal lignin. Kazhinji kutaura, "Ini" inogoverwa nguva dzose mumasero emiti. Iko kusungirirwa kwe "I" mu intercellular layer ndiyo yakakwirira, kusungirirwa kwemukati wemadziro echipiri chechipiri, uye kusungirirwa mukati mesero ndiko kuduku. Seyechitatu yakakura organic sosi mune zvakasikwa, kunyangwe "ini" yakashandiswa nevanhu zviuru zvemakore apfuura, haisati yashandiswa zvakanyanya kusvika zvino.

"Ini" mukugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri

MuChina, "Ini" inogona kuteverwa kumashure kwekugadzirwa kwepepa. Chinangwa chekuputika uye kugadzira mapepa ndechekuchengetedza cellulose uye hemicellulose uye kubvisa "I". Izvo zvigadzirwa zvinosanganisira mashanga egorosi, sadza remupunga, tsanga, nzimbe, nezvimwewo. Yakawanda ye "I" inogadzirwa neChina yemapepa echinyakare indasitiri iripo mukugadzira mapepa emarara, uye kubuda kwakananga kunokonzeresa kusvibiswa kwakakomba matambudziko, uye huwandu hukuru. yemvura yetsvina rave dambudziko hombe mudzimba maindasitiri emvura yetsvina.

Pane zvinhu zviviri zvakakosha zvemaindasitiri ane hukama nekunze. Kune rumwe rutivi, "Ini" muhuni inoparadzaniswa kubva kune hydrolysis yehuni; kune rumwe rutivi, inotarirwa kune dambudziko remvura yakashata yeindasitiri yemapepa. Nyika dzekunze dzakagadzira seti yehuni mapepa ekugadzira tsvina yemvura yekurapa maitiro. Kutanga, iyo "Ini" iri mumarara inodzokororwa nealkali, uye ipapo iyo yakadzoserwa I inoshandiswa pakupisa uye kupa simba. Ikoku kunowanwa kumwero mukurusa pahwaro hwokupedza chinetso chokushatisa. Inochengetedza simba.

Kuparadzaniswa uye kubviswa kwe "Ini"

Kuti uvandudze kushandiswa kunobudirira kwe "I", masayendisiti kumba uye kune dzimwe nyika vari kushingaira kudzidza kupatsanurwa uye kubviswa kwe "I". Mukugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri, isu tinowanzo kupatsanurwa uye kutorwa kana cellulose inoshandiswa. Kubva pakuona kwetsvakiridzo yesainzi, vanhu vanopatsanura uye kubvisa "Ini" kuitira kuti vawane masampuli ane kuchena kwepamusoro, kana sampuli dzine zvimiro uye zvimiro.

Kazhinji, kune marudzi maviri makuru ekuparadzaniswa kwe "Ini": imwe ndeyekunyungudutsa zvikamu kunze kwangu mumutumbi wechirimwa, uye ipapo sefa kuparadzanisa iyo isinganyungudika "Ini". Muenzaniso wakajairika uri muindasitiri yehuni hydrolysis. Iyo element is hydrolyzed kune glucose pasi pechiito cheasidhi, uye iyo "I" inoparadzaniswa seyakasara yehydrolysis; imwe yacho ndeyekunyungudutsa iyo "Ini" mumuviri wechirimwa, kupatsanura zvimwe zvikamu uye wobva waita kuti uwane iyo "Ini".

Rudzi rwekupedzisira rwekuparadzanisa runowanzo mu pulping process ye papermaking. Yakakamurwa kuita marudzi maviri enzira dzekuparadzanisa. Iyo yepakutanga "I" inosanganiswa mumvura inonyungudikalignosulfonate, uye wozobatwa nemukaka weraimu, iyo "Ini" inogona kudonha; iyo yekupedzisira inobikwa nesoda yakakora patembiricha yepamusoro, kana sadza rakachekwa remupunga kana mashanga egorosi. Shandura "Ini" kuita alkaline "Ini", sefa kunze cellulose, uye ipapo asidhi-bata mhinduro yasara kuti iite kuti "Ini".

Iyo "hunhu hutatu" hwe "Ini" uye akawanda akasiyana

"Ini" i polyphenol three-dimensional network polymer compound ine phenylpropane sechikamu chemaitiro. Iyo ine hunhu hutatu (kureva, matatu akakosha zvimiro): guaiacyl chimiro, syringyl chimiro uye p-hydroxyphenyl chimiro. I Kuumbwa kwezvinhu kunosiyana nemhando dzemiti uye nzira dzekuparadzanisa.

Kune akawanda mapoka anoshanda muchimiro che "I" (mapoka anonhuhwirira, phenolic hydroxyl mapoka, doro hydroxyl mapoka, carbonyl mapoka, methoxy mapoka, carboxyl mapoka, aldehyde mapoka, conjugated mbiri zvisungo uye mamwe mapoka anoshanda), izvo zvinoita kuti "I. ” kuita kwakasiyana siyana kwemakemikari kuita, Senge: oxidation, kuderedza, hydrolysis, alcoholysis, acidolysis, photolysis, acylation, alkylation, nitration, etherification, sulfonation, polycondensation kana graft copolymerization.

Iyo resin inogadzirwa ne "Ini" sezvo iyo mbishi yakaderera mumutengo pane phenolic resin mukugadzirwa kwezvikamu zvakaumbwa, uye ine imwe kukosha kwemaindasitiri. Muligninlatex co-sedimented by "I" uye natural rubber latex, "I" inoshanda sechinhu chinosimbisa, nekudaro ichitsiva iyo inodhura kabhoni dema uye kuderedza mutengo wezvigadzirwa zverabha. "Ini" inogona zvakare kushandiswa seyakagadzirwa kugadzirwa kwemafuta emumunda makemikari kuvandudza mwero wekudzoreredza mafuta uye mhando yemafuta emigodhi yeminda yemafuta.

Mukuwedzera, "Ini" inogonawo kushandiswa se surfactants, fertilizer additives, pesticide inononoka-kusunungura vashandi, zvigadziridzo zvekukura kwemiti, nezvimwewo. Nekudzika kwekutsvakurudza kwesayenzi, ndichave nemikana yakawanda uye yakawanda yekuratidza unyanzvi hwangu.