Tsiku Lotumiza: 27 Dec, 2021

Dzina "ine" ndilignin, yomwe imapezeka kwambiri m'maselo a zomera zamatabwa, zitsamba, ndi zomera zonse zam'mitsempha ndi zomera zina zotchedwa lignified, ndipo zimagwira ntchito polimbikitsa minyewa ya zomera.

"Mafupa a zomera" a "ine"

M'chilengedwe, "Ine" nthawi zonse ndimakhala ndi cellulose ndi hemicellulose, ndikugwira ntchito limodzi kuti apange mafupa a zomera. Anthu amandigawa m'magulu atatu:matabwa a lignin, conifer ligninndiherbal lignin. Nthawi zambiri, "Ine" imagawidwa pafupipafupi m'maselo a zomera. Kuchuluka kwa "I" mumtundu wa intercellular ndipamwamba kwambiri, chigawo chapakati cha khoma lachiwiri ndi chachiwiri, ndipo ndende mkati mwa selo ndi yochepa. Monga gwero lachitatu lalikulu kwambiri lachilengedwe m'chilengedwe, ngakhale "Ine" idagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu zaka masauzande apitawo, sichinagwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri mpaka pano.

"Ine" pakupanga mafakitale

Ku China, "Ine" imachokera ku kupangidwa kwa mapepala. Cholinga cha pulping ndi kupanga mapepala ndi kusunga cellulose ndi hemicellulose ndikuchotsa "I". Zopangirazo zimaphatikizapo udzu wa tirigu, udzu wa mpunga, bango, nzimbe, ndi zina zotero. Kuchuluka kwa "I" komwe kumapangidwa ndi makampani opanga mapepala ku China kumakhalapo mumadzi opangira mapepala, ndipo kutayira mwachindunji kungayambitse mavuto aakulu a kuipitsidwa, ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu. wa madzi otayira wakhala vuto lalikulu m'nyumba zopangira madzi otayira m'mafakitale.

Pali mbali ziwiri zazikulu za mafakitale okhudzana ndi mayiko akunja. Kumbali imodzi, "Ine" mu nkhuni imasiyanitsidwa ndi hydrolysis ya nkhuni; kumbali ina, cholinga chake ndi vuto la madzi otayira pamakampani opanga mapepala. Mayiko akunja apanga njira zopangira zinyalala zopangira matabwa. Choyamba, "I" mumadzi otayira amasinthidwanso ndi alkali, ndiyeno yomwe yabwezeretsedwa imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyaka ndi kupereka mphamvu. Izi zimatheka kumlingo waukulu kwambiri pamaziko a kuthetsa vuto la kuipitsa. Zimapulumutsa mphamvu.

Kupatukana ndi kuchotsa "I"

Pofuna kupititsa patsogolo ntchito yabwino ya "I", asayansi kunyumba ndi kunja akuphunzira mwakhama kulekana ndi kuchotsa "Ine". Popanga mafakitale, timakhala olekanitsidwa ndikuchotsedwa pamene cellulose imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa sayansi, anthu amalekanitsa ndikuchotsa "Ine" kuti apeze zitsanzo zokhala ndi chiyero chapamwamba, kapena zitsanzo zokhala ndi zomangamanga ndi katundu.

Nthawi zambiri, pali mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu yolekanitsa ya "Ine": imodzi ndiyo kusungunula zigawo zina osati ine muzomera, ndikusefa kuti mulekanitse "I" wosasungunuka. Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino ndi chamakampani opangira matabwa. The element ndi hydrolyzed kuti shuga pansi pa zochita za asidi, ndi "I" analekanitsidwa monga zotsalira hydrolysis; chinacho ndikusungunula "I" muzomera, kulekanitsa zigawo zina ndikuthamangira kuti mupeze "I".

Mtundu wotsiriza wa kulekana ndi wofala mu pulping process of papermaking. Imagawidwa mu mitundu iwiri ya njira zolekanitsa. "I" choyambirira ndi sulfonated kukhala sungunuka m'madzimankhwala lignosulfonate, ndiyeno kuthandizidwa ndi mkaka wa laimu, "I" ikhoza kugwa; chomalizacho amaphikidwa ndi koloko wokhuthala pa kutentha kwambiri, kapena udzu wodulidwa wa mpunga kapena udzu wa tirigu. Sinthani "I" kukhala alkaline "I", sefa cellulose, ndiyeno asidi-kuchitirani njira yotsalayo kuti muchepetse "Ine".

"umunthu katatu" wa "Ine" ndi zambiri zapadera

"Ine" ndi polyphenol atatu-dimensional network polima pawiri ndi phenylpropane monga structural unit. Ili ndi umunthu wapatatu (ndiko kuti, zomanga zitatu): kapangidwe ka guaiacyl, kapangidwe ka syringyl ndi kapangidwe ka p-hydroxyphenyl. I Kapangidwe ka zinthu kumasiyanasiyana ndi mitundu ya zomera ndi njira zolekanitsa.

Pali magulu ambiri ogwira ntchito mu dongosolo la "I" (magulu onunkhira, magulu a phenolic hydroxyl, magulu a mowa wa hydroxyl, magulu a carbonyl, magulu a methoxy, magulu a carboxyl, magulu a aldehyde, magulu awiri osakanikirana ndi magulu ena ogwira ntchito), zomwe zimathandiza "I. ” kuti akumane zosiyanasiyana zimachitikira mankhwala , monga: makutidwe ndi okosijeni, kuchepetsa, hydrolysis, alcoholysis, acidolysis, photolysis, acylation, alkylation, nitration, etherification, sulfonation, polycondensation kapena kumezanitsa copolymerization.

Utoto wopangidwa ndi "I" monga zopangira ndizotsika mtengo kuposa utomoni wa phenolic popanga mbali zowumbidwa wamba, ndipo uli ndi mtengo wina wamakampani. Muligninlatex co-sedimented ndi "I" ndi mphira wachilengedwe wa latex, "I" amagwira ntchito ngati wothandizira, motero amalowetsa mpweya wakuda wokwera mtengo kwambiri ndikuchepetsa mtengo wa zinthu za rabara. "I" itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati zopangira zopangira mankhwala opangira mafuta kuti apititse patsogolo kuchuluka kwamafuta komanso mtundu wamafuta amigodi.

Kuonjezera apo, "Ine" ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito ngati zowonjezera, zowonjezera feteleza, mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, olamulira kukula kwa zomera, etc. Ndikukula kwa kafukufuku wa sayansi, ndidzakhala ndi mwayi wochuluka wosonyeza luso langa.