Ka lā i hoʻouna ʻia: 27, Dec, 2021

ʻO ka inoa "I".lignin, ka mea nui i loko o nā keena o nā mea kanu lāʻau, nā mea kanu, a me nā mea kanu vascular a me nā mea kanu lignified ʻē aʻe, a ke pāʻani nei i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i nā ʻiʻo mea kanu.

ʻO ka "iwi mea kanu" o "me"

Ma ke ʻano, noho pū ʻo "I" me ka cellulose a me ka hemicellulose, e hana pū ana e kūkulu i kahi iwi mea kanu. Māhele nā ​​kānaka iaʻu i ʻekolu ʻano:lignin lāʻau paʻakikī, conifer ligninalāʻau lignin. Ma ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, puʻunaue mau ʻia ʻo "I" i loko o nā mea kanu. ʻO ka manaʻo o "I" i loko o ka papa intercellular ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa, ʻo ka neʻe ʻana o ka ʻaoʻao o loko o ka pā lua ka lua, a ʻo ka mea liʻiliʻi loa i loko o ka cell. ʻOiai ʻo ke kolu o ka punawai organik nui loa ma ke ʻano, ʻoiai ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo "I" e nā kānaka he mau kaukani makahiki aku nei, ʻaʻole i hoʻohana nui ʻia a hiki i kēia manawa.

"I" i ka hana ʻoihana

Ma Kina, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ʻo "I" i ka hana ʻana o ka hana pepa. ʻO ke kumu o ka pulping a me ka hana pepa e mālama i ka cellulose a me ka hemicellulose a wehe i ka "I". ʻO nā mea maka e pili ana i ka mauʻu palaoa, ka mauʻu raiki, ka ʻohe, ke kō, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka nui o ka "I" i hana ʻia e ka ʻoihana pepa maʻamau o Kina aia i ka wai ʻōpala pepa, a ʻo ka hoʻokuʻu pololei ʻana e hoʻopilikia i nā pilikia pollution koʻikoʻi, a me ka nui o ka nui. Ua lilo ka wai ʻino i pilikia nui i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻino i loko o ka hale.

ʻElua mau mea nui o nā ʻoihana pili i nā ʻāina ʻē. Ma kekahiʻaoʻao, ua hoʻokaʻawaleʻia ka "I" i ka lāʻau mai ka hydrolysis o ka lāʻau; ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua kuhikuhi ʻia i ka pilikia wai ʻino o ka ʻoihana pepa. Ua hoʻomohala nā ʻāina ʻē i nā kaʻina hana lāʻau e hana ai i ka wai ʻōpala. ʻO ka mua, hoʻohana hou ʻia ka "I" i loko o ka wai ʻōpala e ka alkali, a laila hoʻohana ʻia ka I i hoʻihoʻi ʻia no ka puhi ʻana a me ka lako ikehu. Loaʻa kēia i ka nui loa ma ke kumu o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka pilikia haumia. Mālama ia i ka ikehu.

Ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ka unuhi ʻana o "I"

I mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hoʻohana pono ʻana o "I", ke aʻo ikaika nei nā ʻepekema ma ka home a me nā ʻāina ʻē i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ka unuhi ʻana o "I". I ka hana ʻoihana, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mākou a lawe ʻia ke hoʻohana ʻia ka cellulose. Mai ka manaʻo o ka noiʻi ʻepekema, hoʻokaʻawale nā ​​kānaka a unuhi i ka "I" i mea e loaʻa ai nā laʻana me ka maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe, a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hoʻohālike me nā hale a me nā waiwai.

ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻelua ʻano nui o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o "I": ʻo ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā mea ʻē aʻe ma mua oʻu i loko o ke kino mea kanu, a laila kānana e hoʻokaʻawale i ka "I" insoluble. ʻO kahi laʻana maʻamau i ka ʻoihana hydrolysis lāʻau. Hoʻopili ʻia ka mea i ka glucose ma lalo o ka hana o ka waikawa, a ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka "I" e like me ke koena o ka hydrolysis; ʻo ka mea ʻē aʻe e hoʻoheheʻe i ka "I" i loko o ke kino mea kanu, e hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea ʻē aʻe a laila e hoʻoheheʻe i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka "I".

ʻO keʻano hope o ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana he mea maʻamau i ka hana pulping o ka hana pepa. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ʻelua ʻano o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana. ʻO ka "I" kumu i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wailignosulfonate, a laila mālama ʻia me ka waiu lime, hiki ke hoʻokahe ʻia ka "I"; ʻO ka mea hope i moʻa ʻia me ka ʻuala mānoanoa ma ka wela kiʻekiʻe, a i ʻole ka mauʻu laiki ʻoki ʻia a i ʻole ka mauʻu palaoa. E hoʻololi i ka "I" i loko o kahi alkaline "I", kānana i ka cellulose, a laila hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka waika i ka hopena i koe e hoʻoheheʻe i ka "I".

ʻO ka "ʻano triple" o "I" a me nā mea kūikawā he nui

ʻO "I" kahi polyphenol ʻekolu-dimensional pūnaewele polymer pūhui me ka phenylpropane ma ke ʻano he ʻano hana. Loaʻa iā ia kahi ʻano ʻekolu (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻekolu mau kumu kumu): ka hale guaiacyl, ka hale syringyl a me ka hale p-hydroxyphenyl. I ʻokoʻa ke ʻano o nā mea me nā ʻano mea kanu a me nā ʻano kaʻawale.

Nui nā pūʻulu hana i ka hana o "I" (nā pūʻulu aromatic, nā pūʻulu phenolic hydroxyl, nā pūʻulu hydroxyl alcoholic, nā pūʻulu carbonyl, nā pūʻulu methoxy, nā pūʻulu carboxyl, nā pūʻulu aldehyde, nā paʻa pālua conjugated a me nā pūʻulu hana ʻē aʻe), e hiki ai i ka "I ” e hana i nā ʻano hopena kemika, e like me: oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, alcoholysis, acidolysis, photolysis, acylation, alkylation, nitration, etherification, sulfonation, polycondensation or graft copolymerization.

ʻO ka resin synthesized me "I" ma ke ʻano he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ke kumu kūʻai ma mua o ka resin phenolic i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, a loaʻa kekahi waiwai ʻoihana. I kaligninʻO ka latex i hui pū ʻia e ka "I" a me ka latex rubber maoli, ʻo "I" ke hana ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoikaika ikaika, a laila e hoʻololi i ka ʻeleʻele kalapona ʻoi aku ka pipiʻi a hoʻemi i ke kumukūʻai o nā huahana lāʻau. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ʻo "I" ma ke ʻano he mea maka no ka hana ʻana i nā kemika ʻaila e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka nui o ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka aila a me ka maikaʻi o ka ʻaila o ka ʻaila ʻaila.

Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ʻo "I" e like me nā surfactants, nā mea hoʻohui fertilizer, nā mea hoʻokuʻu lohi i ka pesticide, nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu ulu, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.