Kwanan Wata: 27 ga Disamba, 2021

Sunan "I" shinelignin, wanda ya yadu a cikin sel na tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire, ganye, da duk tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire da sauran tsire-tsire masu laushi, kuma suna taka rawa wajen ƙarfafa kyallen takarda.

"kwarangwal shuka" na "ni"

A cikin yanayi, "I" koyaushe yana tare da cellulose da hemicellulose, suna aiki tare don gina kwarangwal na shuka. Mutane sun raba ni zuwa iri uku:katako lignin, conifer ligninkumaganye lignin. Gabaɗaya magana, “I” ana rarrabawa akai-akai a cikin ƙwayoyin shuka. Ƙaddamar da "I" a cikin sashin layi na tsakiya shine mafi girma, ƙaddamarwa na ciki na bango na biyu shine na biyu, kuma ƙaddamarwa a cikin tantanin halitta shine mafi ƙanƙanta. A matsayin na uku mafi girma na albarkatun halitta a yanayi, ko da yake "I" mutane sun yi amfani da su dubban shekaru da suka wuce, ba a yi amfani da shi ba har yanzu.

"I" a cikin samar da masana'antu

A kasar Sin, "I" za a iya komawa zuwa ga ƙirƙirar takarda. Manufar pulping da takarda shine don riƙe cellulose da hemicellulose da cire "I". Kayan da aka samar sun hada da bambaro na alkama, bambaro shinkafa, redi, rake sugar, da dai sauransu. Yawan "I" da masana'antar takarda ta gargajiya ta kasar Sin ke samarwa yana cikin yin ruwa mai sharar takarda, kuma fitar da shi kai tsaye zai haifar da matsalar gurbatar yanayi, da yawan adadin. ruwan sharar gida ya zama babbar matsala a cikin sharar ruwan sharar masana'antu.

Akwai manyan bangarori biyu na masana'antu masu alaƙa da ƙasashen waje. A gefe guda, "I" a cikin itace ya rabu da hydrolysis na itace; a daya bangaren kuma, yana da nufin magance matsalar ruwan sha na masana'antar takarda. Ƙasashen waje sun ƙirƙira wani tsari na sarrafa takarda na itace. Da farko, "I" a cikin ruwan sharar gida ana sake yin amfani da shi ta hanyar alkali, sannan kuma wanda aka dawo da ni ana amfani dashi don konewa da samar da makamashi. Ana samun wannan har zuwa mafi girma bisa tushen magance matsalar gurbatar yanayi. Yana adana kuzari.

Rabuwa da hakar "I"

Don inganta ingantaccen amfani da "I", masana kimiyya a gida da waje suna nazarin rabuwa da cirewar "I". A cikin samar da masana'antu, ana raba mu gaba ɗaya kuma ana fitar da mu lokacin da ake amfani da cellulose. Daga hangen nesa na binciken kimiyya, mutane sun rabu da kuma cire "I" don samun samfurori tare da mafi girman tsarki, ko samfurori tare da takamaiman tsari da kaddarorin.

Gabaɗaya, akwai manyan nau'ikan rabuwa na "I" guda biyu: ɗaya shine narkar da abubuwan da ba ni ba a jikin shuka, sannan a tace don raba "I" maras narkewa. Misali na yau da kullun yana cikin masana'antar hydrolysis na itace. An sanya sinadarin hydrolyzed zuwa glucose a ƙarƙashin aikin acid, kuma "I" an raba shi azaman ragowar hydrolysis; ɗayan shine a narkar da "I" a cikin jikin shuka, raba sauran abubuwan da aka gyara sannan a haɗe don samun "I".

Nau'in rabuwa na ƙarshe ya zama ruwan dare a cikin aikin ɓacin rai na yin takarda. An kasu kashi biyu na hanyoyin rabuwa. Asalin “I” an sulfonated cikin ruwa mai narkewalignosulfonate, sa'an nan kuma bi da tare da lemun tsami madara, da "I" za a iya precipitated; Ana dafa karshen tare da soda mai kauri mai kauri a zafin jiki mai yawa, ko yankakken bambaro shinkafa ko bambaro alkama. Canja "I" zuwa "I" alkaline, tace fitar da cellulose, sa'an nan kuma acid-bi da sauran bayani don hado "I".

"Halin mutum uku" na "I" da ƙwarewa da yawa

"I" shine polyphenol mahaɗar cibiyar sadarwa mai girma uku tare da phenylpropane a matsayin rukunin tsarin. Yana da mutum uku (wato, sifofi na asali guda uku): tsarin guaiacyl, tsarin syringyl da tsarin p-hydroxyphenyl. I Abubuwan da ke cikin abubuwan sun bambanta da nau'in shuka da hanyoyin rabuwa.

Akwai ƙungiyoyi masu aiki da yawa a cikin tsarin "I" (ƙungiyoyin aromatic, ƙungiyoyin phenolic hydroxyl, ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl na giya, ƙungiyoyin carbonyl, ƙungiyoyin methoxy, ƙungiyoyin carboxyl, ƙungiyoyin aldehyde, ƙungiyoyi biyu masu haɗaka da sauran ƙungiyoyi masu aiki), waɗanda ke ba da damar “I " don sha nau'in halayen sinadaran , Kamar: oxidation, raguwa, hydrolysis, alcoholysis, acidolysis, photolysis, acylation, alkylation, nitration, etherification, sulfonation, polycondensation ko graft copolymerization.

Gudun da aka haɗa tare da "I" kamar yadda albarkatun ƙasa ke da ƙasa a farashi fiye da guduro phenolic a cikin samar da sassan sassa na gaba ɗaya, kuma yana da ƙimar masana'antu. A cikinligninLatex co-sedimented by "I" da na halitta roba latex, "I" aiki a matsayin ƙarfafawa wakili, game da shi ya maye gurbin mafi tsada carbon baki da kuma rage farashin kayayyakin roba. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da "I" azaman albarkatun ƙasa don samar da sinadarai na filayen mai don inganta ƙimar dawo da mai da ingancin mai na hakar mai.

Bugu da ƙari, "I" kuma za a iya amfani da su azaman surfactants, taki additives, magungunan kashe qwari a sannu-sannu, masu kula da ci gaban shuka, da dai sauransu.